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Champagne fairs
The Champagne fairs were an annual cycle of trading fairs held in towns in the Champagne and Brie regions of France in the Middle Ages. From their origins in local agricultural and stock fairs, the Champagne fairs became an important engine in the reviving economic history of medieval Europe, "veritable nerve centers"〔M. M. Postan, E Miller eds., ''Cambridge Economic History of Europe'', (Cambridge University Press) 1952, vol. ii, p. 230〕 serving as a premier market for textiles, leather, fur, and spices. At their height, in the late 12th and the 13th century, the fairs linked the cloth-producing cities of the Low Countries with the Italian dyeing and exporting centers, with Genoa in the lead.〔R. L. Reynolds, "The market for northern textiles in Genoa, 1179-1200", ''Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire'' 8.3 (1929:495-533); Reynolds, "Merchants of Arras and the overland trade with Genoa in the twelfth century", ''Revue belge'' 9.2 (1930:495-533); Reynolds, "Genoese trade in the late twelfth century, particularly in cloth from the fairs of Champagne", ''Journal of Economic and Business History'' 3.3 (1931:362-81).〕〔〔Elspeth M. Veale, ''The English Fur Trade in the Later Middle Ages'', 2nd Edition, London Folio Society 2005. ISBN 0-900952-38-5, p. 65-66〕 The fairs, which were already well-organized at the start of the 12th century, were one of the earliest manifestations of a linked European economy, a characteristic of the High Middle Ages. From the later 12th century, the fairs, conveniently sited on ancient land routes and largely self-regulated through the development of the ''Lex mercatoria'', the "merchant law", dominated the commercial and banking relations operating at the frontier region between the north and the Mediterranean.
==The towns==
The towns in which the six fairs of the annual circuit were held had some features in common, but none that would have inexorably drawn the commerce of the fairs: each was situated at an intersection or former way-station of Roman roads and near a river, but only Lagny-sur-Marne had a navigable one. Troyes and Provins had been administrative centers in Charlemagne's empire that developed into the central towns of the County of Champagne and the ''Brie Champenoise''; the fair at Bar-sur-Aube was held just outside the precincts of the Count's castle there, and that at Lagny in the grounds of a Benedictine monastery. The self-interest and the political will of the Counts of Champagne was the over-riding factor.〔This point was made by Janet L. Abu-Lughod, ''Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350'' "The Fairs of Champagne and Their Towns" (Oxford University Press US) 1991, p. 55ff: "certainly there were many other modest bourgs, scattered throughout France, whose characteristics were equally propitious for development".〕
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